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  Introduction  

Yang Young-seok, Yonhap News, "Development of AI-based ultra-short-term precipitation prediction model, "Korea's response to localized torrential rain"", https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20260317064600063

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Ko Seong-sik, Yonhap News, "Localized sudden torrential rain in western Jeju due to movement of rain clouds", https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20250917174100056

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National Institute of Meteorological Sciences. (n.d.). Glossary of meteorological terms. http://www.nims.go.kr/?sub_num=969

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Korea Meteorological Administration. (2024, July 18). Understanding the causes of extreme heavy rain in the summer and how to respond. KMA Official Blog. https://m.blog.naver.com/kma_131/223934010057

  Data & Method  

Lee Geun-ah, Seoul Shinmun, "Heavy rain of 141.5mm per hour in Dongjak, Seoul... Breaking the record for the highest hourly rainfall in 80 years", https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/society/2022/08/09/20220809500004

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Korea Meteorological Administration. (2022). Climate Analysis Information: August 2022 Climate Trends (NEWSLETTER). https://www.weather.go.kr

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Weather Radar Center. (n.d.). Radar Precipitation Image Data. Korea Meteorological Administration

https://radar.kma.go.kr

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Korea Meteorological Administration. (n.d.). AWS (Automatic Weather System) Precipitation Data Inquiry System

https://www.weather.go.kr/plus/land/current/aws_rain_popup.jsp

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Korean Geotechnical Society. (2011). Final Report on the Investigation of the Causes of Umyeonsan Landslides and the Establishment of Restoration Measures (Summary).

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National Law Information Center. (n.d.). Judicial Precedent Information Data (Case No. 2018Da253344). https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/precInfoP.do?precSeq=182936

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National Library of Korea. (n.d.). OASIS Web Archiving Search Results. https://www.nl.go.kr/oasis/contents/O2010000.do?schIsFa=ISU-000000000315&schM=search_list

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Water Journal. (2023). https://www.waterjournal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=70314

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Schaefer, J. T. (1990). The critical success index as an indicator of warning skill. Weather and Forecasting, 5(4), 570-575. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1990)005<0570:TCSIAA>2.0.CO;2

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ECMWF. (2020). ERA5 global reanalysis. https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/dataset/ecmwf-reanalysis-v5

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Hersbach, H. et al., (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803

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Korea Meteorological Administration. (n.d.). KMA Weather Data Service (AWS, ASOS, LDAPS data). https://data.kma.go.kr

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Korean Meteorological Society. (2021). Verification of 1.5 km grid resolution of LDAPS. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 31(5)

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Remote Sensing. (2025). Aviation validation study of ERA5 vs LDAPS PWV. Remote Sensing, 17(23).

Conclusion

He, Z., Wang, D., Qiu, X., Jiang, Y., Li, H., & Shu, A. (2021). Application of radar data assimilation on convective precipitation forecasts based on water vapor retrieval. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 133(3), 611-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-020-00766-x

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Herald Business. (2024, July 18). Heavy rain in the Seoul metropolitan area: Damage and recovery status. https://biz.heraldcorp.com/article/10696465

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Johnson, A., Wang, X., Carley, J. R., Wicker, L. J., & Karstens, C. (2015). A comparison of multiscale GSI-based EnKF and 3DVar data assimilation using radar and conventional observations for midlatitude convective-scale precipitation forecasts. Monthly Weather Review, 143(8), 3103-3125. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00345.1

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Kim, E. H., Ahn, K. D., Lee, H. C., Ha, J. C., & Lim, E. (2015). A study on the effect of ground-based GPS data assimilation into very-short-range prediction model. Atmosphere, 25(4), 623-637. https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2015.25.4.623

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Trilaksono, N. J., Herho, S. H. S., Wistika, I. P. F., Fajary, F. R., Suwarman, R., & Irawan, D. E. (2026). Three-dimensional variational data assimilation with rapid update cycling for short-range precipitation forecasting: A case study of heavy rainfall in Bali, Indonesia (arXiv:2603.20468v1). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.20468

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Yu, W., Moon, H., Jeong, A., Kim, S., & Jung, K. (2016). Assessment of rainfall and flood forecasts using numerical weather prediction data. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 16(6), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.9798/KOSHAM.2016.16.6.83

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